TGFB1 and cancer: However, in the presence of the cancer cells, PSCs become activated via signaling pathways, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and SMAD [8], [10], [12], [13], [15] and produce copious amounts of ECM macromolecules, which includes fibrillar type I collagen and the glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan (HA), mediated by cytokines such as TGF-β1, creating a tumor progressive environment [9], [10], [12], [14], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22].