BAX and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Liu et al. conducted a mechanism investigation and found that ACR caused mitochondrial malfunctioning in human astrocytoma cells and BV-2 mouse microglia, activated caspase-9 and its downstream pathway, up-regulated the BCL2-associated X protein (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) ratio, and induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and neurotoxicity (67).