Similarly, ESBL-EAEC infection elevated transcription levels of IL-1β (Supplementary Figure 7C), IL-6 (Supplementary Figure 7D) and TNF-α (Supplementary Figure 7E) in colonic tissues, but recovered after GA administration with an obvious decline of IL-10 and TGF-β (Supplementary Figures 7F,G). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and infection.