TNF and infection: Similarly, E. coli 1587 infection dramatically stimulated the upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α mRNA transcription levels in mice colons 3 days post infection (Supplementary Figures 6E,G,I,M), but this phenomenon mostly diminished by 7 days post infection except for IL-6 (Supplementary Figures 6F,H,J,N).