In a phase 3 clinical trial, ipilimumab plus nivolumab, each respectively targeting the CTLA-4 and PD-1 immune checkpoints for treating advanced melanoma, increased the overall survival (>5 years) to ∼52%, while 58 and 62% of patients experienced an objective response and durable response at 5 years, respectively (Larkin et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and melanoma.