TNF and colitis: Similarly, MaR1 intervention ameliorated the severity of acute and chronic DSS-colitis in mice by reducing epithelial damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, hyperaemia, colon wall thickness, colon shortening, and expression of pro-inflammatory genes or proteins (MPO, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, interferon[INF]γ, ICAM-1) [75].