TNF and colitis: In another study, administration of CPn, its methanol extracts, or methanol residues in the DSS-colitis mice, attenuated the mucosal damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, colon shortening, and gene or protein expression of pro-inflammation cytokines and chemokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17a, IL-12, MCP-1 or CXCL2) [129–131].