In addition, we analyzed the gene expression profile of GSE85841 that included eight LUAD samples and adjacent non-tumor samples with adjusted P < 0.05 and logFC≥1.5, and researched the top five most significantly upregulated genes: SFRP5, CST2, SPP1, GCNT3, and NHLRC1 (Fig. 1B). Here, SPP1 is linked to neoplasm.