TNF and COVID-19: In comparison with healthy individuals, participants with early COVID-19 who met the primary outcome (ten in the usual care group and one in the budesonide group) had an increase of CCL3, CCL5, TNF-α, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL11, and CCL24, but a reduction of CCL2, TSLP, CCL17, IL-10, GM-CSF, CXCL9, and IL-33 (figure 3A).