INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: There was a main effect of IN insulin on initial ratings of cookie pleasantness (F(1,47) = 4.83, p = 0.03, ηp2 = 0.09) and follow-up tests showed that IN insulin reduced initial cookie liking for women with obesity (t(15) =−2.87, p = 0.01, d = 0.42) but not for lean women (t(32) = −0.34, p = 0.74, d = 0.04).