CXCL8 and infection: These studies revealed that infection with influenza H3N2 virus induces significantly higher levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the vascular outflows at 48 h post infection (hpi) compared to control uninfected chips (Fig. 3a).