Finally, we demonstrated that influenza virus infection also induces the expression of S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 in the alveolus chip, a finding that is consistent with recent clinical observations from COVID-19 patients that exhibit late stage lung infections with SARS-CoV-2 virus29,50,51,71–73. Here, S100A7 is linked to COVID-19.