TBK1 can promote cancer development and progression via several mechanisms, including: 1) stimulating both survival and proliferation signals in cancer cells (i.e. cell-autonomous mechanism); 2) mediating the production of tumorigenic, immunosuppressive cytokines (i.e. autocrine-like mechanism); and 3) suppressing anticancer functions of the immune system by both upregulating the expression of immune checkpoint ligands (e.g. PD-L1) and perpetuating the inflammatory, macrophage-laden tumor microenvironment (i.e. cell-nonautonomous mechanism) [9, 51, 100, 222]. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.