TBK1 and cancer: While TBK1 mutations are not commonly reported in human cancers, increased TBK1 expression and/or aberrant TBK1 activity are reported in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), cholangiocarcinoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), adult T-cell leukemia, melanoma, esophageal cancer, and breast cancer, among others [142, 221–223].