ASPH and breast carcinoma: Immunotherapy is particularly attractive approach since ASPH [20–24, 28–33]: 1) is highly expressed on cell surface in various malignancies; 2) expresses at extremely low or negligible levels in normal human tissues except in placenta (a highly invasive tissue); 3) has a defined pro-oncogenic role; 4) approximately 85% of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus related HCC, as well as 90% of breast cancers, and especially in TNBC and HER2 amplified subtypes [32], exhibits ASPH upregulation [36].