In addition, effective interventions modify changes that are known to occur in neurodegenerative diseases (like AD), such as changes in neuroprotective growth factors (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]) [33], inflammatory factors (e.g., interleukin [IL]-6 and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) [34, 35], AD-related pathological biomarkers (e.g., Aβ and phosphorylated tau) [36, 37], cognition-related electrophysiological effects (e.g., event-related potential [ERP]-P300) [38], and reduced neurocognitive functions. Here, TNF is linked to neurodegenerative disease.