NINJ1 and atrial fibrillation: In subgroup analysis, plasma Ninj1 levels were similar in patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF (114.67 ± 48.49 vs. 116.77 ± 67.74 pg/mL, P = 0.860), which were distinctly higher than controls (Control vs. Paroxysmal AF, P < 0.001; Control vs. Persistent AF, P < 0.001) (Fig. 1B).