HAMP and Alzheimer disease: However, it was also reported that hepcidin mRNA and protein increased in the brain with aging (Wang et al., 2010); it can be up-regulated by inflammation (Urrutia et al., 2013), especially by interleukin-6, with the result of FPN1 decrease and iron retention in AD brains (Chaudhary et al., 2021), exerting the detrimental impact on the brain.