INS and Insulin resistance: In the meta-analysis of three RCTs (n = 53), a 6-week exercise intervention (90–180 min/week moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise) as compared to control group (usual care/activities) was associated with: (i) a decrease in fasting glucose [WMD was − 3.26 mg/dl (95% CI − 5.12 to − 1.39)], (ii) insulin [WMD was − 3.19 μU/ml (95% CI − 3.96 to − 2.43)] and (iii) Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) [WMD − 0.47 (95% CI − 0.60 to − 0.35], Fig. 2.