INSR and Insulin resistance: Blood glucose homeostasis is monitored by the pancreatic islet β-cells and regulated by insulin action on the target cells.11 In the insulin signalling cascade, the insulin receptor substrate-1 is a crucial docking molecule for the insulin receptor, and its activation promotes the translocation of the glucose transporter to the cell membrane.12 In T2DM, the functions of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 in glucose uptake are reduced, which is known as insulin resistance.