For detection of all-stage HCC in cirrhotic patients, the highest AUROCs were comparable for PMCA signal (0.86; 95% CI 0.79–0.93, P < 0.0001) and AFP (0.84; 95% CI 0.76–0.92, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 6a and Supplementary Table S2). This evidence concerns the gene AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma.