MAPK3 and neoplasm: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) suppresses the intrinsic antiviral response and sensitizes tumor vasculature to VV infection by signaling mediated through Erk1/2 and Stat3 and upregulating PRD1-BF1/Blimp1 expression in the tumor vasculature.105 Three-dimensional imaging of infected tumors in a murine colon cancer model revealed that VSV replicated in the tumor neovasculature and spread within the tumor mass.106 Engineered OVVs were shown to selectively target and disrupt established tumor vasculature, resulting in the destruction of systemic tumors in humans.107