IFNG and cancer: IL-12 is known to promote the development of T cells and NK cells and the production of IFN-γ and the TH1 response.194 All these responses benefit cancer therapy, but in clinical trials, the antitumor efficacy was unsatisfactory.195,196 This outcome may have been a result of insufficient IL-12 delivery to the TME or exhaustion of lymphocytes (including T cells, NK cells, TAMs, and/or MDSCs) in the TME.