Inhibition of TAMs by blocking CSF1R is a viable method to modulate tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment to facilitate CD8+ T cells infiltration, while the durable treatment outcomes are yet to be achieved in the clinic partially due to the nonspecific distribution of CSF1R inhibitors that could also deplete macrophages in healthy tissues, leading to side effects like edema42–44. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.