TNF and infectious disease: Further KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DN-related pathways were closely related to the complement and coagulation cascades, adipocytokine signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and AMPK signaling pathway, which share similar mechanisms with insulin resistance, rheumatoid arthritis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and various infectious diseases and cancers (Figure 2G; Supplementary Datasheet S4).