TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: KEGG pathway analysis showed that the possible mechanisms of R-6 on DN are related to the TNF signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, complement and coagulation cascades, and renin–angiotensin system, which share similar mechanisms with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and various types of infectious diseases and cancers (Figure 4; Supplementary Data S8).