TNF and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: In the previous study, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 cytokine levels were altered in the amniotic fluid (Yoon et al., 1997), cord blood (Rocha et al., 2012), and tracheal aspirate samples (Yilmaz et al., 2017) in BPD infants (Szpecht et al., 2017).