TNF and colitis: Vitamin E (alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) supplementation was reported to mitigate colitis, as well as protect the intestinal barrier function in mice by inhibiting colitis-induced loss of the tight junction protein occludin, and mitigates TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced impairment of trans-epithelial electrical resistance in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayer (37).