PBMCs from asymptomatic infants that developed asthma by age 7 secrete higher levels of T2 cytokines (IL-5 and IL-13) and IL-17 when exposed to Mcat or NTHi (135), and Mcat promotes IL-8 and IL-33 gene upregulation in A549 human alveolar epithelial cells (133). This evidence concerns the gene IL13 and asthma.