HMGB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: For example, in circulating melanoma cells, SREBP2 contributes to ferroptosis resistance by inducing transcription of the ion carrier transferrin (TF) (Hong et al., 2021); in coronary artery endothelial cells, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) attenuates LDL transcytosis by inhibiting SREBP2 (Ghaffari et al., 2021); and in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients, SREBP2 is markedly increased, and overexpressed SREBP2 in endothelial cells (ECs) enhances the TGF and Wnt pathways and mesenchymal genes in vitro and exacerbates vascular remodeling in vivo (Martin et al., 2021).