IPA-3 treatment had a stronger inhibitory effect on the 4T1 cells as PAK1 is expressed at higher levels than the MDA-MB-231 (Khan et al., 2020), showing the direct effect PAK1 has on BCa invasion and how a personalised therapeutic approach could match isoform-selective migrastatics to tumours with isoform specific expression patterns. This evidence concerns the gene PAK1 and neoplasm.