HPGDS and acute kidney injury: Urinary albumin, beta-2 microglobulin, interleukin 18, α-glutathione S-transferase, clusterin, calprotectin, Galectin 3 and 6-phosphogluconolactonase did not appear to be of any significant value in diagnosing AKI (AUROC values < 0.7), although data were derived from a single study for most of these biomarkers (Table 2).