TNF and cancer: Additionally, the pathways of positively selected genes were notably enriched in metabolic pathways, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, MAPK signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, fatty acid metabolism, IL-17 signaling pathway, cholesterol metabolism, Tah17 cell differentiation, and so on (Supplementary Table S18), which were mainly associated with immunity, energy metabolism, and cell growth and differentiation.