Finally, while the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and aneurysm are similar there are notable examples of discordance in their development, such as occurs in diabetics who are predisposed to atherosclerotic vascular disease and protected from AAA; likewise, testosterone45 and the interferon gamma system46 have discordant effects on development of atherosclerosis and aneurysm. Here, IFNG is linked to diabetes mellitus.