In western blot analysis and RT-qPCR assays (Fig. 5A, B, E), the cells transfected with MIAT plasmid had increased mRNA and protein expression of cardiac hypertrophy markers ANP, BNP, and β-MHC, whereas PPARα and CPT-1a were notably decreased relative to mock or scramble groups. Here, NPPB is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.