Our systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the significance of three highly frequent polymorphisms and their association with the risk of BPH by pooling 11 studies for CYP17 (cases = 2078, controls = 2110), 10 studies for VDR (cases = 1539, controls = 1915), and 4 studies for ACE (cases = 364, controls = 388) across two different ethnicities (Asians and Caucasian) (Table 1). Here, VDR is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.