TGFB1 and systemic sclerosis: BMPs have to be tightlyregulated, and thus, Gremlin-1 is one such protein that regulates this.4,5 Recently, Gremlin-1 has beenfound to be associated with kidney,6,7 lung8,9 and skin fibrosis.10 We described very recently that overexpression of Gremlin-1 led to increasedmyofibroblast transition that was partially dependant on TGF-β1 signalling, asblockade of TGF-β1 mitigated fibrosis.11 Analysis of SSc fibroblasts compared to controls did not find elevated levelsof Gremlin-1.