IL6R and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Conversely, recent resultsfrom two studies of anti-IL6R show more marked treatment effect on lung function ina subgroup of early stage active dcSSc at particular risk of ILD.90, –92 This likely targets theearlier stage pathogenic pathways and mechanisms that underlie the prevalent earlyprogressive phase of ILD in SSc whereas a later less progressive but more IPF likefibrotic mechanisms is targeted by nintedanib.118,119 Thus, reverse translation is likely to shed important light on stages andmechanisms of pathogenesis for SSc–ILD in the future.