BRCA1 and breast carcinoma: Among women who were at an increased risk for carrying a BRCA1/2 mutation, less than half completed pre-genetic testing education and counseling, and only about one-fifth of the overall sample received test results.21 African-American women who were less certain about their risk of developing breast cancer were 3 times more likely to receive BRCA1/2 test results compared with women who were more certain about their risk.21 Such discrepancies in the receipt of results based on risk certainty may be improved by emphasizing the utility of testing for both the individual and her family members.