NF-κB-mediated inflammation also leads to the upregulation of the ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and atrogin-1 that are known to be involved in myostatin- or activin A-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by increasing protein degradation and inhibiting protein synthesis (Wysong et al., 2011). This evidence concerns the gene FBXO32 and muscular atrophy.