A surprising finding of the ecological analysis was that progressed (A-CIA) and benign adenomas (CRA) exhibit similar levels of some immunosuppressive markers, such as similar abundances of macrophages (CD68), M2 markers (CD163), and immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β), with CRA even having significantly stronger positive spatial associations between CD163/CD68 (M2 macrophages) (Fig. 5, Supplemental Figs. 9 and 10). Here, CD163 is linked to adenoma.