MTOR and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In addition, several signalling pathways including STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, mTOR, MAPK/Slug, ROS, p53 and Nrf2 pathways, can regulate apoptosis through intrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms in the development of NSCLC [13, 16–20].