Furthermore, the lncRNA XIST promoted cell proliferation and mediated chemoresistance of NSCLC to DDP by inhibiting apoptosis through interacting with SMAD2 and reducing p53 transcription, which subsequently modulated the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, including cytochrome c (cyto-c), Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 (ref. [39]). Here, SMAD2 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.