Furthermore, the lncRNA XIST promoted cell proliferation and mediated chemoresistance of NSCLC to DDP by inhibiting apoptosis through interacting with SMAD2 and reducing p53 transcription, which subsequently modulated the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, including cytochrome c (cyto-c), Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 (ref. [39]). The gene discussed is XIST; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.