Significantly and in accord with the hypothesis, Western blots of hippocampal tissue from AD, FTD and PiD subjects revealed that MICAL1 is in fact up-regulated in all 6 PiD subjects compared to non-demented controls (Fig. 7a, p < 7e−06, n = 3 for all samples) and in 3/5 AD (Fig. 7a: AD1 p = 0.0006, AD2 p = 0.001, AD3 p = 0.9, AD4 p = 0.0006 and AD5 p = 0.9, n = 3) and 4/5 FTD (Fig. 7a, FT1 p = 8.6e−12, FT2 p = 0.9, FT3 p = 0.0315, FT4 p = 0.004 and FT5 p = 0.04) subjects. Here, PSEN2 is linked to frontotemporal dementia.