GDNF and Stroke: In addition, no apparent differences in the expression of neurotrophic factors, including BDNF, GDNF, NGF, IGF and NT3, were observed between the ipsilateral brain spheres of the PBS and hADSC-NC groups, which demonstrated that the paracrine function of ADSC-NCs in boosting neurotrophic factors might not play a vital role in stroke rescue (Fig. 7B).