TGFB1 and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Rai et al. [113] investigated the changes in Th17, Treg, and various cytokines in patients with Aspergillus flavus-infected CRSwNP and found an immune imbalance with increased Th17, reduced Tregs, elevated levels of IL-10 and IL-17, decreased levels of TGF-β in PBMCs, and an elevated expression of TLR-2 in patients.