It is usually characterized by the accumulation of eosinophils, T cells, neutrophils, and increased levels of IL-5 and IgE and decreased TGF-β1, which is in contrast to those of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) with elevated TGF-β1 and IFN-γ [79–81] (interactions between cells are shown in Figure 2; changes in cytokine levels from different studies are shown in Table 1). Here, TGFB1 is linked to chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps.