While studies using CIRP-/- mice cannot determine whether the attenuated PF phenotype is due to the intra- or extracellular effects of CIRP, we have shown that blocking eCIRP with C23 ameliorates the bleomycin-induced PF, thus demonstrating the relevance of the extracellular effects of eCIRP. Here, CIRBP is linked to pemphigus foliaceus.