Although other members of the CXCR2 ligand family, i.e., CXCL7 and CXCL5, have frequently been reported to promote the progression of CCA [1, 12, 13], our present results indicate that CXCL1 may exert a tumor-inhibitory effect on CCA cells. Here, CXCL5 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.