CD4 and medical procedure: Besides its well-known anti-inflammatory activity, LUT has been proved to regulate the CD4+ T cell subsets in diseases including acute lung injury, allograft rejection, allergic asthma, etc. [[31], [32], [33]] In our experiment, owing to the UC targeting LUT delivery, we found that the imbalance of Th1/Th2 in spleen and MLNs tended to balance in LUT@TPGS-PBTE NPs treated mice compared to the other groups (Fig. 7A–F).