Differential regulation of the mitochondrial genome may also contribute to sexual dimorphisms since our data showed that 4 (MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-CYB, and MT-ATP8; Supplementary Tables 3, 4) SLE-dysregulated genes are located on the mitochondrial genome of SLE-F, but not SLE-M placentas, which comprise 30.8% of mitochondrial protein-coding genes. Here, MT-ND2 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.