PDK4 and cardiomyopathy: PDK4 is a negative regulator of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and cardiac-specific PDK4 overexpressed mice could perturb metabolism and exacerbate calcineurin-induced cardiomyopathy (Zhao et al., 2008; Sin et al., 2015), and the deficiency of PDK4 could attenuate fat accumulation in the livers of mice fed a high-fat diet (Hwang et al., 2009; Tao et al., 2013).