Both Akt phosphorylation and Erk1/2 phosphorylation are significantly increased in cisplatin-resistant CCA cell lines undergoing long-term exposure to cisplatin, and inhibiting Akt and Erk1/2 activation reverse chemoresistance to cisplatin, suggesting the contribution of Akt and Erk1/2 in resistance to cisplatin in CCA (133). Here, MAPK3 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.