MTOR and cancer: However, several other HIF-1 independent pathways, such as phospholipid protein trikinase (PI3K)-Akt, mammalian target rapamycin (mTOR), Wnt/β-caterine, mitochondrial activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear Factor-β and NADPH oxidase (NOX) are also involved in the adaptation of cancer cells under hypoxic conditions 10.