PCNA and chronic kidney disease: As can be seen in the bar graphs in Figures 5(b), 5(d), and 5(f), after 15 days of CKD induction, animals already presented marked macrophage infiltration and significant increase in the presence of T-lymphocytes and PCNA+ interstitial cells, when compared to the control animals (93 ± 18, 53 ± 10 and 101 ± 16 vs. 36 ± 7, 14 ± 3 and 24 ± 3, respectively).