Amongst the proteins that bound to the LTR probe in the presence of E1E2, we found the non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NoNO), a transcription factor that negatively regulates HIV-1 infection in T lymphocytes (61), Helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF), that has been shown to restrict HIV-1 replication (62), PARP-1, a negative regulator of HIV-1 transcription (63) and replication (64) or RBMX which has recently been shown to bind the HIV-1 LTR proviral DNA to maintain the viral latency (65). This evidence concerns the gene PARP1 and HIV-1 infection.