Counterintuitively, several of the genes we see downregulated, TAGAP, REL, and GPR183, have been reported to be upregulated in gluten-specific CD4+ T cells after activation with antiCD3/CD28 or under active CeD conditions, while levels of STAT1 and IRF1 are reportedly higher in biopsies isolated from CeD cases (70, 71). This evidence concerns the gene IRF1 and cranioectodermal dysplasia.