TNF and dermatomyositis: In support of this, interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha, which are increased in IIM, can induce secretion of the CXCR3 ligand CXCL10 by muscle fibers (57), and CXCR3+ T cells have been identified in the muscle biopsies of polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis patients (58).